Ethnic residential segregation and integration of the Russian-speaking population in Estonia
Failid
Kuupäev
2018-10-10
Autorid
Ajakirja pealkiri
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Kirjastaja
Abstrakt
Käesolev doktoritöö keskendub venekeelse elanikkonna elukohasegregatsioonile ja integratsioonile Eestis. Eesti on näide endisest Nõukogude Liidu osast, kuhu sotsialismiperioodil toimunud sisserände järel jäi 1990. aastate alguseks elama arvukas peamiselt venekeelne immigrantrahvastik. Kuna sisserändajad asusid saabudes elama kindlatesse piirkondadesse ja linnades kindlatesse linnaosadesse, siis paiknes siinne immigrantrahvastik üleminekuaja alguses asustussüsteemis kontsentreeritult ja linnades segregeerunult. Eestis on rahvusgruppide vahelisi erinevusi uuritud palju, kuid indiviidi vaatenurk uuringutest suuresti puudub. See doktoritöö püüab seda tühimikku täita ja analüüsida etnilist elukohasegregatsiooni rohkem indiviidi seisukohast vaadatuna. Töö eesmärk on selgitada, kuidas ja miks segregatsiooni kontekst eesti- ja venekeelse elanikkonna jaoks muutub ning kuidas elamine erinevas keele- ja kultuurikeskkonnas mõjutab akulturatsiooni protsesse. Doktoritöö tulemustest selgub, et nõukogude perioodil kujunenud suur etniline elukohasegregatsioon on siiani püsinud ja isegi kasvanud. Mõlema rahvusgrupi rändekäitumine on selliseid trende toetanud. Venekeelne elanikkond on viimaste aastakümnete jooksul olnud üsna vähemobiilne ja seepärast on nende elukohamustrid sarnased nõukogude perioodil väljakujunenud mustritele. Kui venekeelne elanikkond elukohta vahetab, siis liiguvad nad peamiselt naabruskondadesse, kus on ees suur omakeelne kogukond: paljude vene emakeelega inimeste jaoks muutub rände läbi nende kodu lähiümbrus veelgi venekeelsemaks. Vastupidiselt venekeelsele elanikkonnale muutus eestlaste jaoks elukeskkond rände läbi enamasti eestikeelsemaks. Venekeelne elanikkond on Eestis elanud aastakümneid, kuid see grupp on seni tugevalt jäänud vene identiteedi juurde ja vaid vähesed määratlevad end eestlasena. Töö tulemused näitavad, et elukoha keeleline keskkond mõjutab etnilise identiteedi muutust väga oluliselt: eestikeelses keskkonnas elavad vene kogukonna liikmed vahetavad palju sagedamini oma vene identiteedi eesti identiteedi vastu. Doktoritöö tõi välja ka väga muret tekitava suundumuse Eesti linnades: sotsiaalmajanduslik ja etniline segregatsioon on hakanud üha enam kattuma.
This thesis focuses on ethnic residential segregation and integration of large Russian-speaking population in Estonia who formed mainly in the Soviet period and who settled in larger cities and industrial areas where they in turn concentrated to certain neighbourhoods. Ethnic divisions in different domains of life have received quite a lot of attention, however, there is a lack of studies that investigate ethnic residential segregation from the perspective of individuals. This thesis tries to fill this gap and aims to explore how and why ethnic residential segregation context changes for members of the majority and minority population of Estonia and how living in different ethnic contexts may affect individual’s acculturation processes. The findings of this thesis show that high levels of ethnic residential segregation in Estonia are very persistent and have even increased. The mobility behavior of both ethnic groups have contributed to these trends. Russian-speaking population has been relatively immobile within the last decades and therefore, their residential patterns are largely similar to those developed in the Soviet period. When Russian-speakers change their place of residence, they predominantly move towards minority concentration neighbourhoods and most of their moves result in an increased presence of Russian-speakers in their immediate residential environment. In contrast, when Estonians move, their destination neighbourhood generally turns more Estonian. Russian-speakers have lived in Estonia for a long time already, however, most of the members of the minority population strongly self-identify themselves with Russian identity. The results of this thesis indicate that ethnic residential context which frames individuals’ lives is essential in the development of ethnic identity and those Russians and Russian-speakers who live in Estonian-dominated neighbourhoods and regions are more likely to change their ethnic identity to Estonian compared to those who live in minority-rich areas. This thesis has also highlighted some of the most problematic trends in the development of ethnic segregation in Estonia: ethnic segregation is increasingly overlapping with socio-economic segregation
This thesis focuses on ethnic residential segregation and integration of large Russian-speaking population in Estonia who formed mainly in the Soviet period and who settled in larger cities and industrial areas where they in turn concentrated to certain neighbourhoods. Ethnic divisions in different domains of life have received quite a lot of attention, however, there is a lack of studies that investigate ethnic residential segregation from the perspective of individuals. This thesis tries to fill this gap and aims to explore how and why ethnic residential segregation context changes for members of the majority and minority population of Estonia and how living in different ethnic contexts may affect individual’s acculturation processes. The findings of this thesis show that high levels of ethnic residential segregation in Estonia are very persistent and have even increased. The mobility behavior of both ethnic groups have contributed to these trends. Russian-speaking population has been relatively immobile within the last decades and therefore, their residential patterns are largely similar to those developed in the Soviet period. When Russian-speakers change their place of residence, they predominantly move towards minority concentration neighbourhoods and most of their moves result in an increased presence of Russian-speakers in their immediate residential environment. In contrast, when Estonians move, their destination neighbourhood generally turns more Estonian. Russian-speakers have lived in Estonia for a long time already, however, most of the members of the minority population strongly self-identify themselves with Russian identity. The results of this thesis indicate that ethnic residential context which frames individuals’ lives is essential in the development of ethnic identity and those Russians and Russian-speakers who live in Estonian-dominated neighbourhoods and regions are more likely to change their ethnic identity to Estonian compared to those who live in minority-rich areas. This thesis has also highlighted some of the most problematic trends in the development of ethnic segregation in Estonia: ethnic segregation is increasingly overlapping with socio-economic segregation
Kirjeldus
Väitekirja elektrooniline versioon ei sisalda publikatsioone
Märksõnad
population, internal migration, residential districts, Russian-speaking groups of populations, place of residence, segregation, national identity, integration, Tallinn, Estonia, 2000s