Fairy tales in transmedia communication: fanfiction
Date
2020-01-17
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Abstract
Traditsioonilised Euroopa muinasjutud nagu „Tuhkatriinu“, „Uinuv kaunitar“ või „Lumivalgeke“ on tuntud pea kõikjal maailmas. Sageli mõtestatakse neid tekste kui universaalsete väärtuste kandjaid, mida kultuuris üha uuesti korratakse, tõlgitakse erinevatesse keeltesse ja jutustatakse ümber uutes kontekstides ja kõikvõimalikes žanrites. Käesolevas väitekirjas otsime vastust küsimusele: Kuidas taolised lood üldises kultuuri dünaamikas muutuvad? Kuna muinasjutud eksisteerivad kaasajas väga erinevates variatsioonides pakuvad need suurepärast materjali, et paremini mõista ümberjutustamise protsessi olemust kultuuris.
Kultuuris toimub pidev tekstide ümbertöötamine. Tähtsate ja kõigile tuntud lugude kordamine ja ümberjutustamine meenutab omamoodi keerulist mängu, milles erinevad autorid otsivad tekstidest varjatud tähendusi, katsetavad uusi väljendusviise või lihtsalt testivad juba laiemale avalikkusele tuttavate ideede aktuaalsust uutes kontekstides. Tänapäeval ei ole uute interpretatsioonide loomine enam vaid „professionaalsete“ autorite pärusmaa. Erinevate tõlgenduste võrgustikku täiendavad üha enam „amatöörautorid“ (ehk teisisõnu fännikirjanduse autorid); lisaks jutustatakse lugusid ümber ärilistel eesmärkidel ning suur osa ümberjutustustest leiab aset ka osaluskultuuri piirialadel. Publiku osalemine loometegevuses muudab kultuuri heterogeensemaks, kutsudes esile uusi kunstilisi praktikaid ja dialoogivõimalusi. Ühtlasi pakub fännikirjandus rikkalikku materjali uurijale, mille abil kujundada terviklikum ja nüansseeritum arusaam sellest, kuidas lood muutuvates kultuurikontekstides eksisteerivad.
Doktoritöös vaatleme me ümberjutustust kui semiootilist probleemi ja modelleerime seda kui kommunikatsiooni inimeste, tekstide ja kultuuride vahel. Antud töö puhul ei ole eesmärgiks vaid üksikute süžeede analüüs, vaid püüame selgitada, kuidas toimub kultuuri transmeedialine kommunikatsioon ehk kuidas suhestuvad omavahel erinevates kultuurikeeltes kirjutatud tekstid kultuuri mentaalsel tasandil ja autori/publiku teadvuses. Peamiseks uurimismaterjaliks on vene fännikirjandus, mis on pühendatud Hans Christian Anderseni kirjapandud „Lumekuningannale“ (1844) kui klassikalisele muinasjutusüžeele. Väitekiri koosneb sissejuhatavast osast ja viiest originaalartiklist, mis on avaldatud viimase viie jooksul minu doktoriõpingute käigus.
Traditional European fairy-tales as “Cinderella”, “Sleeping Beauty”, “Snow White” or “The Snow Queen” are well known to the majority of people all over the world. These stories are often retold in different cultural and natural languages, reflect changing social discourses, cause various disputes, echo in texts of all possible genres. The main research question of our thesis is How are stories transformed in the general cultural dynamics? Fairy-tales exist in the contemporary culture in many variations, and it turns them into the promising material to investigate the nature of cultural retelling. The retelling phenomenon is akin to a sophisticated game in which different authors scrutinize texts for new potentials and hidden messages, try on new means of expression, or simply test the actuality of texts’ messages that are already familiar and “digested” by the broad audiences. Today “professional” authors replenish the web of interpretations alongside “amateur” authors (i.e. fans or transformative authors); there are retellings that are made as commercial productions and retellings that are created on the borders of participatory culture. The audiences’ creativity makes culture more heterogeneous, enriches it by provoking further artistic practices and dialogues, and consequently helps a researcher to build a more complete picture of a story’s existence in the changing cultural context. We consider retelling as a semiotic problem and model it as the chain of communications between humans, texts and cultures.We appeal not simply to concrete texts, but to what stands behind them — to the complex interplay of texts in different cultural languages that happens on the mental level of culture, is activated in the mind of a receiver/author, and may be denoted as transmedia communication. Our main research material is Russian fanfiction devoted to the classical fairy-tale plot “The Snow Queen”, originally written by Hans Christian Andersen in 1844. The work consists of an introductory section and five original articles written during five years of our PhD studies.
Traditional European fairy-tales as “Cinderella”, “Sleeping Beauty”, “Snow White” or “The Snow Queen” are well known to the majority of people all over the world. These stories are often retold in different cultural and natural languages, reflect changing social discourses, cause various disputes, echo in texts of all possible genres. The main research question of our thesis is How are stories transformed in the general cultural dynamics? Fairy-tales exist in the contemporary culture in many variations, and it turns them into the promising material to investigate the nature of cultural retelling. The retelling phenomenon is akin to a sophisticated game in which different authors scrutinize texts for new potentials and hidden messages, try on new means of expression, or simply test the actuality of texts’ messages that are already familiar and “digested” by the broad audiences. Today “professional” authors replenish the web of interpretations alongside “amateur” authors (i.e. fans or transformative authors); there are retellings that are made as commercial productions and retellings that are created on the borders of participatory culture. The audiences’ creativity makes culture more heterogeneous, enriches it by provoking further artistic practices and dialogues, and consequently helps a researcher to build a more complete picture of a story’s existence in the changing cultural context. We consider retelling as a semiotic problem and model it as the chain of communications between humans, texts and cultures.We appeal not simply to concrete texts, but to what stands behind them — to the complex interplay of texts in different cultural languages that happens on the mental level of culture, is activated in the mind of a receiver/author, and may be denoted as transmedia communication. Our main research material is Russian fanfiction devoted to the classical fairy-tale plot “The Snow Queen”, originally written by Hans Christian Andersen in 1844. The work consists of an introductory section and five original articles written during five years of our PhD studies.
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Väitekirja elektrooniline versioon ei sisalda publikatsioone
Keywords
fairy tales, interpretation, narrative, communication, transmedia, fan fiction, Russian, cultural semiotics, Tartu-Moscow Semiotic School, literary criticism, interdisciplinary research