Impact of management on peatland microbiome and greenhouse gas emissions
Date
2017-10-10
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Abstract
Turbaalad leiavad rakendust põllumajanduses, metsanduses, energiatootmises, reoveekäitluses ja ka teistes valdkondades. Kui võtta arvesse üha suurenevat inimmõjutuste ja kliimamuutuste survet neile aladele, siis on turbaalade süsiniku- ja lämmastikuringe väga olulised nii keskkondlikust, ökoloogilisest kui ka majanduslikust vaatevinklist. Käesoleva doktoritöö eesmärk oli uurida erinevate majandusmeetmete mõju turbaalade mikrobioomile ja kasvuhoonegaaside emissioonile. Põhjapoolkera parasvöötme turbaalade kuivendamisel väheneb CH4 emissioon, kuid selle mõju on CH4 emissioonile väiksem rabades võrreldes madalsoodega. Kuivendamine avaldab suurt mõju ka troopilise turbaala gaasiemissioonidele ja selle mikroobikooslusele. Kuigi CH4 ja potentsiaalse N2 emissioonid kahanesid troopilise turbaala kuivendamisel, siis N2O voog atmosfääri suurenes. Troopilise turbaala kuivendamine muutis lisaks bakterite ja arhede arvukusele ning liigilisele koosseisule oluliselt ka erinevaid lämmastikuringe protsesse läbiviivate mikroorganismide arvukusi. Kuivendamise tulemusena vähenes denitrifikatsiooni ja N2 fikseerimise potentsiaal troopilise turbaala pinnases. Põhjapoolkera parasvöötme häiritud turbaalade taassoostamine suurendab CH4 emissiooni. Mahajäetud turbakaevandusalade taimestamine päiderooga bioenergia tootmise eesmärgil vähendas CH4 emissiooni, kuigi metanogeenide arvukus turba erinevates kihtides jäi ligikaudu samale tasemele või siis isegi suurenes katseperioodi jooksul. Lisaks sellele on turbaalasid sooderikastes piirkondades võimalik kasutada reovee puhastamiseks, et kaitsta veekogude ökosüsteeme reoainete eest. Turbaalapuhastites on oluline roll ka taimedel, mis võivad olla läbi erinevate mehhanismide efektiivseteks reoainete eemaldajateks veest.
Peatlands are used by humans worldwide for agriculture, forestry, fuel production and pollution control purposes, among other functions. Most of the management practices initiate the cascade of changes in peat, and affect form and function of peatlands. Therefore, an investigation of managed peatlands is necessary in order to reveal and assess the economical, ecological and environmental effects, especially in less studied regions as tropics. In this dissertation, the effects of a range of peatland management practices are evaluated in order to study alterations in soil microbiome and greenhouse gas emissions. The drainage practices in northern peatlands clearly reduce the CH4 flux and CH4 emissions from fens are more influenced than from bogs. Greenhouse gas emissions were also affected in tropical peatland sites by drainage. The CH4 flux and the N2 emission potential were higher and N2O flux was lower from the natural site compared to the drained site. The drainage of a tropical peatland led to structural changes in the soil bacterial and archaeal community and their potential to perform nitrogen transformation processes. The drainage reduced the denitrification and N2-fixing potential in the tropical peatland soil. Restoration of drained northern peatlands by rewetting or vegetation/rewetting increases CH4 emissions compared to the pre-restoration CH4 fluxes. Nevertheless, reed canary grass cultivation in the residual peat of an abandoned peat extraction area reduced CH4 emission, although methanogen abundance remained approximately the same or even increased in different layers of residual peat under cultivated sites over time. In addition, peatlands have a good potential to improve water treatment in peatland-rich regions in order to protect aquatic ecosystems from pollution. The main conclusion of the doctoral thesis is that the exploitation of peatlands changed considerably the soil microbiome and greenhouse gas emissions, although some management practices alleviate environmental damage.
Peatlands are used by humans worldwide for agriculture, forestry, fuel production and pollution control purposes, among other functions. Most of the management practices initiate the cascade of changes in peat, and affect form and function of peatlands. Therefore, an investigation of managed peatlands is necessary in order to reveal and assess the economical, ecological and environmental effects, especially in less studied regions as tropics. In this dissertation, the effects of a range of peatland management practices are evaluated in order to study alterations in soil microbiome and greenhouse gas emissions. The drainage practices in northern peatlands clearly reduce the CH4 flux and CH4 emissions from fens are more influenced than from bogs. Greenhouse gas emissions were also affected in tropical peatland sites by drainage. The CH4 flux and the N2 emission potential were higher and N2O flux was lower from the natural site compared to the drained site. The drainage of a tropical peatland led to structural changes in the soil bacterial and archaeal community and their potential to perform nitrogen transformation processes. The drainage reduced the denitrification and N2-fixing potential in the tropical peatland soil. Restoration of drained northern peatlands by rewetting or vegetation/rewetting increases CH4 emissions compared to the pre-restoration CH4 fluxes. Nevertheless, reed canary grass cultivation in the residual peat of an abandoned peat extraction area reduced CH4 emission, although methanogen abundance remained approximately the same or even increased in different layers of residual peat under cultivated sites over time. In addition, peatlands have a good potential to improve water treatment in peatland-rich regions in order to protect aquatic ecosystems from pollution. The main conclusion of the doctoral thesis is that the exploitation of peatlands changed considerably the soil microbiome and greenhouse gas emissions, although some management practices alleviate environmental damage.
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Keywords
turbamaardlad, mikroobikooslused, inimmõju, kasvuhoonegaasid, beat mineral deposit, microbial communities, human impact, greenhouse gases