RNA fragmentation by MazF and MqsR toxins of Escherichia coli
Date
2019-04-04
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Abstract
Bakterite elu on täis väljakutseid: nad peavad toime tulema ohtlike kemikaalide, vaenulike naabrite ja toitainete puudusega. Erinevate ohtude vastu võitlemiseks on bakteritel välja arenenud mitmed stressile reageerimise mehhanismid. Bakteriaalsed toksiin-antitoksiin süsteemid on väikesed parasiitsed üksused, millest mõned on rakud suutnud värvata stressivastuse radadesse. Nendelt geneetilised üksustelt toodetakse raku kasvu pärssivat toksilist valku ja seda inaktiveerivat antitoksiini. Kuna antitoksiinid on ebastabiilseid tuleb neid stabiilsete toksiinide kontrolli all hoidmiseks pidevalt juurde toota. Seega, kui moodul peaks kaotsi minema või antitoksiinide tootmine on takistatud, vabanevad toksiinid ning pärsivad rakkude kasvu. Stressivastuses osalevaid toksiine peetakse peamiselt kasvuregulaatoriteks, mis vastusena kahjulikele teguritele vähendavad rakkude metaboolset aktiivsust. Hiljutised uurimused väidavad, et osadel toksiin-antitoksiini süsteemidel on rakus keerukam funktsioon - nad reguleerivad spetsiifiliste geenide avaldumist. Selle kõige silmapaistvamaks näiteks on Escherichia coli endoribonukleaasist toksiin MazF, mis arvatakse erinevate stresside korral ümberprogrammeerivat kogu raku translatsioonilise masinavärgi. Spekuleeritakse, et MazF muudab ribosoomide translatsioonilist eelistust eemaldades 16S rRNA küljest anti-Shine-Dalgarno järjestuse. Sellised ribosoomid arvatakse transleerivat kärbitud 5’ otstega stressiga seotud geenide mRNA-sid, mis on samuti MazFi poolt tekitatud. Me uurisime RNA lõikamist MazFi ja teise endoribonukelasse toksiini, MqsRi, poolt Escherichia colis ning ei näinud mingeid tõendeid, mis toetaks sellist keerukat translatsiooni ümberprogrammeerimise mehhanismi. Me näeme, et MazF ja MqsR käituvad ainult kui kasvupärssijad, mis lõikavad kõike kättesaadavat struktureerimata RNA-d. Traditsiooniliselt peetakse Escherichia coli endoribonukleaasidest toksiine ainult mRNA lagundajateks, kuid meie andmed viitavad sellele, et kasvu pidurdatakse ka läbi prekursor rRNA-de lagundamise.
Lives of bacteria are full of perils: they have to cope with dangerous chemicals, hostile neighbours and limited nutrients. To counter various hazards, bacteria have developed many stress response mechanisms. Bacterial toxin-antitoxin systems are small parasitic modules, which have been in some cases also adopted into stress response pathways. These genetic units encode for an autotoxic protein and an antitoxin that neutralizes the toxin. Antitoxins are labile and need to be constantly produced to inhibit the extremely stable toxins. Thus, when the module is lost or antitoxin production gets hindered the toxins become free to inhibit the growth. Toxins involved in stress response are mainly considered to be regulators of growth, which reduce the metabolic activity of cells in response to harmful conditions. Recently, some toxin-antitoxin systems have been reported to have a more sophisticated function: the regulation of specific genes. The most prominent example is the MazF toxin of Escherichia coli, which is an endoribonuclease hypothesized to reprogram the translational machinery during various stresses. It is speculated that MazF removes a piece of the 3’ end from 16S rRNA in mature ribosomes, which results in altered translational specificity. Such modified ribosomes are thought to translate stress-related transcripts with truncated 5’ UTR-s, which are hypothesized to also be generated by MazF. We studied the RNA cleavage by MazF and another endoribonuclease toxin, MqsR, in Escherichia coli and saw no evidence for such elaborate translational reprogramming. Instead, we show that MazF and MqsR act as growth inhibitors, which cleave unstructured RNA. Traditionally, endoribonuclease toxins of Escherichia coli are viewed only as degraders of mRNA, but our data implies that growth arrest is also facilitated through degradation of precursor rRNA.
Lives of bacteria are full of perils: they have to cope with dangerous chemicals, hostile neighbours and limited nutrients. To counter various hazards, bacteria have developed many stress response mechanisms. Bacterial toxin-antitoxin systems are small parasitic modules, which have been in some cases also adopted into stress response pathways. These genetic units encode for an autotoxic protein and an antitoxin that neutralizes the toxin. Antitoxins are labile and need to be constantly produced to inhibit the extremely stable toxins. Thus, when the module is lost or antitoxin production gets hindered the toxins become free to inhibit the growth. Toxins involved in stress response are mainly considered to be regulators of growth, which reduce the metabolic activity of cells in response to harmful conditions. Recently, some toxin-antitoxin systems have been reported to have a more sophisticated function: the regulation of specific genes. The most prominent example is the MazF toxin of Escherichia coli, which is an endoribonuclease hypothesized to reprogram the translational machinery during various stresses. It is speculated that MazF removes a piece of the 3’ end from 16S rRNA in mature ribosomes, which results in altered translational specificity. Such modified ribosomes are thought to translate stress-related transcripts with truncated 5’ UTR-s, which are hypothesized to also be generated by MazF. We studied the RNA cleavage by MazF and another endoribonuclease toxin, MqsR, in Escherichia coli and saw no evidence for such elaborate translational reprogramming. Instead, we show that MazF and MqsR act as growth inhibitors, which cleave unstructured RNA. Traditionally, endoribonuclease toxins of Escherichia coli are viewed only as degraders of mRNA, but our data implies that growth arrest is also facilitated through degradation of precursor rRNA.
Description
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Keywords
Escherichia coli, RNA, transkriptsioon (biol.), ribonukleaasid, bakteritoksiinid, toksiin-antitoksiin süsteemid