Interactions between invasive pathogens and resident mycobiome in the foliage of trees

Abstract

Kliimamuutuste ja ulatusliku globaalse kaubanduse tagajärjel on Euroopas üha enam probleeme invasiivsete haigustekitajatega. Invasiivsetest seenhaigustest olulisimat kahju on põhjustanud saaresurma tekitav Hymenoscyphus fraxineus, kes on Kaug-Ida päritolu ja oma looduslikus levilas mandžuuria saarel (Fraxineus mandshurica) tagasihoidlik lehtede patogeen. Euroopas on aga seen ohtlik, vaid 5% siinsetest puudest on haigusele resistentsed. Doktoritöös selgus, et H. fraxineus osakaal saare lehtedes muutub kogu kasvuperioodi jooksul ja on suurim kasvuperioodi lõpus sügisel, kui saarelehtede kaitsevõime on madal. Euroopas samuti saare lehtedel elav lagundajaseen Hymenoscyphus albidus on ohutu saare lehtedele, kuid selle liigi arvukus on agressiivse võõrliigi H. fraxineus tõttu vähenenud. Siiski selgus, et ka H. albidus on võimeline sügisel kahjustama saare lehti. Olulise tulemusena leiti invasiivset seenpatogeeni H. Fraxineus 1978. ja 1992. aasta Tallinna botaanikaaia võõramaiste saareliikide herbaareksemplaridelt, mis näitab, et liik oli Euroopas olemas vähemalt 14 aastat enne oluliste kahjustuste ilmnemist Poolas ja Leedus ning 19 aastat enne seene senist esmaleidu Eestis. Erinevate seenpatogeenid kahjustavad ka harilikku mändi (Pinus sylvestris). Olulisemateks männiokkas elavateks haigustekitajateks on punavöötaudi tekitaja (Dothistroma septosporum) ja männi-pudetõve tekitaja (Lophodermium seditiosum). Uurides selgus, et punavöötaudi tekitaja osakaal on suurim suvel võrreldes kevadel ja sügisel kogutud okastega. See kinnitab, et liigi eosed levivad alates kevadest ja tõrjuda saab haigustekitajat ennetavalt samuti alates kevadest. Männi-pudetõbe esines okastes vähe, kuna polnud liigi puhanguaastat. Kumbki patogeen seente liigirikkust okastes oluliselt ei mõjutanud, kuid üllatuslikult mõjutas okkal elav seen Lophodermium conigenum okastes elavate seente liigirikkust. Seose olulisus männiokaste seeneelustikus vajab edasisi uuringuid. Doktoritöö tulemused kinnitavad, et erinevate haigustekitajate tõrjel ning seire metoodikate arendamisel tuleb arvestada liigi bioloogiast tulenevate eripäradega.

Increasing global trade of plants and plant material and the ongoing climate change have accelerated the movement of alien fungal pathogens across continents. One of the most serious examples of which is ash dieback, caused by an invasive fungus Hymenoscyphus fraxineus. The pathogen originates from Far-East Asia and in its natural habitat it is a weak leaf pathogen on ash species. H. fraxineus is a close relative fungal species of European indigenous ash leaf decomposer H. albidus that is considered harmless to its host in Europe. H. albidus is relatively rare in European nature possibly due to outcompetition by H. fraxinues. In Europe H. fraxineus is a dangerous pathogen and only 5% of the trees have natural resistance against the pathogen. The results of this thesis showed that the propagule pressure of H. fraxineus is in its peak late in the growing season when natural defence mechanisms of the leaflets are low. This thesis found for the first time that H. albidus also possesses similar ability to cause necrotic lesions on ash leaflets in the end of growing season while the leaves are still attached to the tree. This thesis also found evidence of H. fraxineus on two herbarium specimens from exotic ash species Fraxinus chinensis and F. chinensis subsp. rhynchophylla collected in years 1992 and 1978 in Tallinn Botanic Garden. This is 14 years before the first damage of ashes in Poland/Lithuania and 19 years before the first finding of H. fraxineus from fungal herbaria documented in Estonia. Fungal forest pathogens also affect Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris). Two of the most important pine needle pathogens are Dothistroma septosporum and Lophodermium seditiosum. The results of this thesis showed that D. septosporum is most abundant in summer and that the spores of the pathogen already spread since spring. Spring is also the time when the prophylactic control of the fungus should start. Neither D. septosporum nor L. seditiosum had significant effect on fungal species richness of Scots pine needles. Sampling year was not an epidemic year for L. seditiosum, hence the low percentage of the pathogen on pine needles. The most significant driver of the fungal richness of Scots pine needles was surprisingly endophytic Lophodermium conigenum. The role of this fungus in pine needles requires further studies. In conclusion, the results of this dissertation show that different invasive pathogens should have a different strategy that also considers their specific biological traits in their monitoring and control.