Flow cytometric analysis of T and B cell properties in healthy donors and subjects with vitiligo
Date
2023-10-13
Authors
Journal Title
Journal ISSN
Volume Title
Publisher
Abstract
Immuunsüsteem koos endokriin- ja närvisüsteemiga aitab meil toime tulla erinevate keskkonnastiimulitega ning on ülioluline inimese heaolu ja ellujäämise seisukohalt. Tasakaalustatud immuunsüsteem võitleb haigustekitajate vastu, eemaldab kahjustatud ja kasvajarakke ning pidurdab põletikulisi ja allergilisi reaktsioone. Seetõttu on immuunvastuse reguleerimine keerukas ning mitmetasandiline protsess. Kostimuleerivate ja koinhibeerivate rakupinna molekulide ekspressioon on üks reguleerimise viisidest. Kui kostimuleerivad signaalid on ülekaalus, siis immuunrakk aktiveerub. Koinhibeerivad signaalid omakorda hoiavad liigset aktiveerumist tagasi. Regulatsioonis osalevad ka spetsiifilised rakupopulatsioonid – regulatoorsed rakud. Need rakud on võimelised pärssima soovimatuid põletikulisi reaktsioone rakk-rakk interaktsioonide või spetsiifiliste signaalmolekulide – tsütokiinide – sekretsiooni kaudu. Häired immuunvastuse regulatsioonis võivad viia erinevate haiguste tekkeni. Oma töös kirjeldasime raku aktiveerimise mõju kolme pinnamolekuli – kostimuleerivate CD28 ja CD226 ning koinhibeeriva TIGIT-i ekspressioonile peamistes T-rakkude alapopulatsioonides. Neist kahe – TIGIT ja CD226 – tasakaal rakupinnal võib mõjutada immuunrakkude diferentseerumist, efektorfunktsiooni ja mälufenotüübi omandamist. Samuti eraldasime ja iseloomustasime veres tsirkuleerivaid regulatoorseid B-rakke. See on mitmekesise fenotüübiga kuid tugeva supressiivse võimega haruldane rakupopulatsioon. Lisaks uurisime võimalikke kõrvalekaldeid vitiliigo diagnoosiga isikute ringlevates immuunrakkude populatsioonides. Vitiligo on omandatud krooniline autoimmuunhaigus, mille puhul immuunsüsteem järk-järgult hävitab epidermise melanotsüüte, mille tulemuseks on laiguline depigmentatsioon. Meie töö viitab sellele, et B-rakud koos CD226 ja TIGIT retseptoritega võivad mängida vitiligo patogeneesis olulisemat rolli, kui varem arvati.
Along with the endocrine and nervous systems, the immune system helps us to cope with various environmental stimuli and is crucial for human well-being and survival. Not only does it fight infection, but also eliminate damaged and tumour cells in addition to restraining inflammation and allergic reactions. Therefore, regulation of the immune response is a highly sophisticated multi-level process. Among other ways, the regulation can be exerted through expression of co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory cell surface molecules. If co-stimulatory signals outweigh, immune cells get activated. Co-inhibitory signals, in turn, hold back excessive activation. The regulation can be also exerted via specific cell subsets called regulatory cells, which are capable of directly suppressing unwanted inflammatory responses by cell–cell contacts or secretion of specific signalling molecules – cytokines. Disturbances in the regulation of the immune response may lead to development of various diseases. Hereby, we described the influence of cell stimulation on the surface expression of three particular molecules in major T-cell subsets: co-stimulatory CD28, co-stimulatory CD226 and co-inhibitory TIGIT. The balance of TIGIT and CD226 on the cell surface may influence differentiation, effector functions and acquisition of memory phenotype of immune cells. We also isolated and characterised circulatory regulatory B cells – a rare cell population with diverse phenotypes and a potent suppressive capacity. Additionally, we explored potential abnormalities in circulating subpopulations of immune cells in individuals with vitiligo. Vitiligo is an acquired chronic autoimmune disorder. During the disease, the immune system progressively destroys epidermal melanocytes, which results in the appearance of patchy depigmentation. This work suggests that B cells along with CD226 and TIGIT receptors may play a more profound role in the pathogenesis of vitiligo than suspected previously.
Along with the endocrine and nervous systems, the immune system helps us to cope with various environmental stimuli and is crucial for human well-being and survival. Not only does it fight infection, but also eliminate damaged and tumour cells in addition to restraining inflammation and allergic reactions. Therefore, regulation of the immune response is a highly sophisticated multi-level process. Among other ways, the regulation can be exerted through expression of co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory cell surface molecules. If co-stimulatory signals outweigh, immune cells get activated. Co-inhibitory signals, in turn, hold back excessive activation. The regulation can be also exerted via specific cell subsets called regulatory cells, which are capable of directly suppressing unwanted inflammatory responses by cell–cell contacts or secretion of specific signalling molecules – cytokines. Disturbances in the regulation of the immune response may lead to development of various diseases. Hereby, we described the influence of cell stimulation on the surface expression of three particular molecules in major T-cell subsets: co-stimulatory CD28, co-stimulatory CD226 and co-inhibitory TIGIT. The balance of TIGIT and CD226 on the cell surface may influence differentiation, effector functions and acquisition of memory phenotype of immune cells. We also isolated and characterised circulatory regulatory B cells – a rare cell population with diverse phenotypes and a potent suppressive capacity. Additionally, we explored potential abnormalities in circulating subpopulations of immune cells in individuals with vitiligo. Vitiligo is an acquired chronic autoimmune disorder. During the disease, the immune system progressively destroys epidermal melanocytes, which results in the appearance of patchy depigmentation. This work suggests that B cells along with CD226 and TIGIT receptors may play a more profound role in the pathogenesis of vitiligo than suspected previously.
Description
Väitekirja elektrooniline versioon ei sisalda publikatsioone
Keywords
T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, flow cytometry, vitiligo, pathogenesis, pigmentation disorders