Studies on aryl hydrocarbon receptor in the mouse granulosa cell model
Date
2020-09-03
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Abstract
On teada, et keskkonnas levinud kemikaalid, sealhulgas dioksiinid, mõjutavad oluliselt organismi talitlust, põhjustades näiteks vähki ning häireid immuun- ja reproduktiivsüsteemis. Paljud neist ühenditest on ligandiks arüülsüsivesinike retseptorile (AHR). Ligandi poolt aktiveerituna liigub AHR raku tsütoplasmast tuuma, kus mõjutab erinevate geenide avaldumist. Nende hulka kuuluvad kemikaale lagundavate ensüümide geenid, aga ka hulganisti rakkude normaalseks talitluseks vajalikke geene. Mitmed teaduspublikatsioonid on näidanud, et erinevates vähitüüpides on AHR-i tase ning aktiivsus väga kõrge ning see soodustab kasvaja arengut, mistõttu on AHR huvipakkuvaks sihtmärgiks vähiuuringutes. Seejuures on oluline märkida, et peamiselt keskendutakse just AHR-i aktiivsuse moduleerimisele ning selle enda regulatsioonimehhanismid on jäänud pigem tagaplaanile. Ahr-i roll reproduktiivsüsteemis on seotud eelkõige folliikuleid stimuleeriva hormooni retseptori (Fshr) ja aromataasi positiivse regulatsiooniga. Need geenid on olulised munasarjas asuvate granuloosarakkude funktsioneerimiseks, toetades seeläbi munaraku küpsemist ning ovulatsiooni. Samuti on oluline märkida, et Ahr-i enda ekspressioon muutub reproduktiivtsükli jooksul.
Käesoleva doktoritöö eesmärgiks oli selgitada Ahr-i regulatsioonimehhanisme hiire munasarja granuloosarakkudes enne ja pärast ovulatsiooni stimuleerimist ning tuvastada, kuidas täpsemalt mõjutab Ahr Fshr-i ekspressiooni. Selgus, et granuloosarakkude küpsemise käigus suureneb Ahr-i ekspressioon oluliselt ning see on põhjustatud proteiinkinaas A (PKA) signaliseerimise lühiaegsest nõrgenemisest. Lisaks leiti, et Ahr-i ekspressioon väheneb oluliselt ovulatsiooni indutseerimise järgselt ning see on tingitud just PKA aktiivsusest. Viimaks tehti kindlaks uudne DNA järjestus, millele Ahr on võimeline seonduma ning Fshr-i ekspressiooni reguleerima.
Environmental chemicals, including dioxins, affect the homeostasis of organism resulting in cancer and disturbances in the immune and reproductive system. Many of these chemicals act as ligands for aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR). Upon ligand binding, AHR translocates to the nucleus and modulates the expression of a variety of genes. Among these are genes responsible for the degradation of AHR ligands, but also genes necessary for normal functioning of cells. Several publications have shown high AHR expression and activity in cancers. Thus, AHR is a promising target in cancer research. However, the majority of attention has been focused on its activity modulation and the mechanisms governing AHR expression have stayed rather unclear. The role of AHR in reproduction is mainly associated with its positive effect on follicle stimulating hormone receptor (Fshr) and aromatase. These two genes are crucial for the proper functioning of granulosa cells, which support the maturation and ovulation of oocyte. In addition, it has been shown that Ahr expression fluctuates during reproductive cycle. The aim of this thesis was to characterise the control of Ahr expression in mouse ovarian granulosa cells and to clarify by which mechanisms Ahr influences Fshr expression. It was uncovered that Ahr is upregulated via transient silencing of protein kinase A (PKA) signalling during maturation of granulosa cells. Following induction of ovulation, in turn, Ahr is silenced by PKA pathway. Lastly, a novel binding site for Ahr was ascertained by which Ahr regulates Fshr expression.
Environmental chemicals, including dioxins, affect the homeostasis of organism resulting in cancer and disturbances in the immune and reproductive system. Many of these chemicals act as ligands for aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR). Upon ligand binding, AHR translocates to the nucleus and modulates the expression of a variety of genes. Among these are genes responsible for the degradation of AHR ligands, but also genes necessary for normal functioning of cells. Several publications have shown high AHR expression and activity in cancers. Thus, AHR is a promising target in cancer research. However, the majority of attention has been focused on its activity modulation and the mechanisms governing AHR expression have stayed rather unclear. The role of AHR in reproduction is mainly associated with its positive effect on follicle stimulating hormone receptor (Fshr) and aromatase. These two genes are crucial for the proper functioning of granulosa cells, which support the maturation and ovulation of oocyte. In addition, it has been shown that Ahr expression fluctuates during reproductive cycle. The aim of this thesis was to characterise the control of Ahr expression in mouse ovarian granulosa cells and to clarify by which mechanisms Ahr influences Fshr expression. It was uncovered that Ahr is upregulated via transient silencing of protein kinase A (PKA) signalling during maturation of granulosa cells. Following induction of ovulation, in turn, Ahr is silenced by PKA pathway. Lastly, a novel binding site for Ahr was ascertained by which Ahr regulates Fshr expression.
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Keywords
chemicals, ovaries, mechanism of actions, animal experiments, receptors, transcription factors