Neuropeptide S and mental health: A functional receptor gene variant and environment shaping traits and contributing to psychiatric disorders
Date
2014-05-26
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Abstract
Hiljutiavastatud neuropeptiid S (NPS) avaldab närilistel omapärast mõju, suurendades aktiivsust ja virgust samaaegselt ärevuse alandamisega. Inimesel on NPS retseptori geenis NPSR1 funktsionaalne A>T polümorfism (rs324981), mille T-alleeli kooditud retseptorvalk on signaali vahendamisel tõhusam. T-alleeli kandlus on seotud suurema virguse, kuid ka paanikahäirega, mistõttu on T-alleeli hakatud pidama riskialleeliks. Väitekirjas kajastatud rahvastikupõhiste uuringutega lõime tasakaalustatuma pildi NPSR1 toimimisest, leides nii soost kui keskkonnast sõltuvaid seoseid. Leidsime, et naistel, kellel on madalaima aktiivsusega NPSR1 genotüüp, AA, võib juba teismeeas meeleolu ja ärevuse regulatsiooniga raskusi olla. Mitteadaptiivsed jooned ilmnesid neil sagedamini just kehvade peresuhete korral, nagu ka suitsiidikatsed 18-ndaks ning ärevus- ning meeleoluhäired 25-ndaks eluaastaks. Sagedamini kujunes A-alleeliga naistel välja ka alkoholisõltuvushäire. Seevastu meestel oli NPSR1 T-alleel, eriti TT genotüüp, seotud hüperaktiivsuse ja impulsiivsusega, ning stressirikkad elusündmused tõstsid neid omadusi veelgi rohkem esile. Seetõttu pole üllatav, et T-alleeliga meeste hulgas oli oluliselt rohkem sõltuvushäireid. Huvitaval kombel raporteerisid sarnaselt naistega alkoholiga liialdamist täiskasvanuna hoopis AA genotüübiga mehed, mis viitab võimalikule täiendavale hilise algusega sõltuvuse tekkimise rajale: AA meestel tõusid adaptiivne impulsiivsus ja avatus oluliselt 25-ndaks eluaastaks, ning nad olid ka alkoholi kuritarvitamisele vastuvõtlikumad. Kas neil ka hiljem sõltuvus kujuneb, jääb tuleviku uuringute selgitada. NPSR on huvipakkuv sihtmärk ravimiarenduseks, kuna mõjutab virgust, emotsionaalseid reaktsioone ja alkoholi kuritarvitamist. AA ja TThomosügootide erinevaid emotsioonide reguleerimise viise on vaja sügavuti tundma õppida.
In this dissertation, we have focused on the functional rs324981 A>T polymorphism of the gene NPSR1 (Asn107Ile) that encodes for the neuropeptide S (NPS) receptor and is a relatively newly identified research target. We have shown that NPSR1 is associated with the development of personality, hyperactivity, anxiety, depressiveness, self-esteem, suicidality, affective/anxiety disorders, alcohol use and alcohol use disorders, and sleep-related measures. We have also found profound NPSR1 genotype by sex interactions in general population. In females, the probable lower NPS-ergic activity in the NPSR1 A-allele carriers, and especially in AA-homozygotes, bears a risk for affective and anxiety-related dysregulation already in adolescence. The risk for developing maladaptive traits is significantly higher in case of adverse family environment. As a consequence, females with the AA genotype had reported suicidal behaviour more frequently and had more often developed affective/anxiety disorders by age 25. Emotion dysregulation may also render them vulnerable to alcohol use, as some females carrying the A-allele develop AUD already in young adulthood. In males, an impulsivity-related early-onset pathway to AUD was revealed to occur in T-allele carriers, and in particular in TT homozygotes: Already in adolescence, they exhibit more ADHD symptoms and impulsivity that could make them vulnerable to alcohol use, especially when experiencing adverse environment. So, many males carrying the T-allele develop AUD by young adulthood. Based on the longitudinal database, a delayed-onset pathway to AUD is also suggested for the AA genotype: the increase of adaptive impulsivity, extraversion and openness to experience by age 25 in males with AA genotype can make them vulnerable to higher alcohol use. However, future studies have to reveal whether AUD will develop in male AA subjects in later age. NPSR is clearly a tempting target for drug development as it affects emotion regulation, arousal and alcohol abuse. Future research should address the apparently distinct pattern of emotion regulation by A- and T-allele carriers.
In this dissertation, we have focused on the functional rs324981 A>T polymorphism of the gene NPSR1 (Asn107Ile) that encodes for the neuropeptide S (NPS) receptor and is a relatively newly identified research target. We have shown that NPSR1 is associated with the development of personality, hyperactivity, anxiety, depressiveness, self-esteem, suicidality, affective/anxiety disorders, alcohol use and alcohol use disorders, and sleep-related measures. We have also found profound NPSR1 genotype by sex interactions in general population. In females, the probable lower NPS-ergic activity in the NPSR1 A-allele carriers, and especially in AA-homozygotes, bears a risk for affective and anxiety-related dysregulation already in adolescence. The risk for developing maladaptive traits is significantly higher in case of adverse family environment. As a consequence, females with the AA genotype had reported suicidal behaviour more frequently and had more often developed affective/anxiety disorders by age 25. Emotion dysregulation may also render them vulnerable to alcohol use, as some females carrying the A-allele develop AUD already in young adulthood. In males, an impulsivity-related early-onset pathway to AUD was revealed to occur in T-allele carriers, and in particular in TT homozygotes: Already in adolescence, they exhibit more ADHD symptoms and impulsivity that could make them vulnerable to alcohol use, especially when experiencing adverse environment. So, many males carrying the T-allele develop AUD by young adulthood. Based on the longitudinal database, a delayed-onset pathway to AUD is also suggested for the AA genotype: the increase of adaptive impulsivity, extraversion and openness to experience by age 25 in males with AA genotype can make them vulnerable to higher alcohol use. However, future studies have to reveal whether AUD will develop in male AA subjects in later age. NPSR is clearly a tempting target for drug development as it affects emotion regulation, arousal and alcohol abuse. Future research should address the apparently distinct pattern of emotion regulation by A- and T-allele carriers.
Description
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Keywords
neuropeptiidid, geenid, polümorfism, psüühikahäired, genotüüp, neuropeptides, genes, polymorphism, mental disorders, genotype