Narratological analysis of Võru-Estonian bilingualism
Date
2017-04-26
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Abstract
Individuaalne mitmekeelsus, mis tähendab inimese võimet kasutada igapäevaselt rohkem kui ühte keelt, on tihedas seoses sotsiaalse mitmekeelsusega. Kagu-Eestis valitseb põnev olukord, kus igapäevases suhtluses kasutatakse nii kohalikku võru keelt kui ka eesti standardkeelt, aga mõlema keele kasutuse määr, koht ja aeg on iga rääkija enda otsustada. See ajendaski käesoleva väitekirja kirjutajat küsima, kas kahe nii lähedase keelekuju rääkimine on mitmekeelsus, millised on keelekasutuse individuaalsete erinevuste seosed keelehoiakute ja -identiteediga ja kuidas väljendub individuaalne mitmekeelsus suulistes narratiivides. Kümme keskealist kagueestlast jutustasid samal teemal nii võru- kui ka eestikeelse narratiivi. Lisaks andsid nad keelelise eluloo vormis ülevaate oma keelteõppimise ajaloost ja kirjeldasid oma keelehoiakuid. Ilmnes, et keelejuhtide poolt räägitud samateemalised kakskeelsed narratiivid on ülesehituselt sarnased, kuid neis on väikesi temaatilisi erinevusi, mis võivad muuhulgas tuleneda sellest, et eesti narratiivid on võrreldes võru narratiividega mõnevõrra abstraktsemad. Uuringus osalenud keelejuhid seostavad võru keelega üldiselt positiivseid emotsioone. Mõned inimesed on ühiskondlike ümberkorralduste käigus muutnud oma keeleidentiteeti ja sellega seoses ka emakeele määratlust – kui see kunagi oli lihtsalt eesti keel, siis nüüd on võru keel. Ka nende poolt kõneldud võru keel ise on muutumises. Vanemad keelejuhid kasutavad järjekindlamalt võru keelele omasemaid tunnuseid kui nooremad keelejuhid. Samuti kasutavad rohkem markeeritud võru keelt need keelejuhid, kelle jaoks see on suure sümboolse väärtusega ning kes end selle kaudu identifitseerivad. Võru keelele vaid instrumentaalset väärtust omistavate keelejuhtide kõnest ilmnes aga vähem võru keelele eriomaseid tunnuseid. Uuringus osalenud inimesed valdavad ja kasutavad sageli veel mitmeid võõrkeeli, nagu näiteks vene, inglise ja soome keelt. Aktiivne mitmekeelsus ning sellega seotud elukogemused muudavad nende keelelise identiteedi ja selle avaldumise unikaalseks.
Individual multilingualism, which means an ability to use more than one language on a daily basis, has a close connection to societal multilingualism. In south-Eastern Estonia, there is an interesting situation where in everyday communication both the local Võru language and standard Estonian are used, but every speaker decides the extent, place and time of the use of each language. This situation motivated the author of the present thesis to ask whether speaking these close language variants is multilingualism, what are the connections between individual differences in language use and language attitudes and linguistic identity and how individual multilingualism manifests in oral narratives. Ten middle-aged south-eastern Estonians told a narrative both in Võru and Estonian on the same topic. Additionally, they gave an overview of their language learning history and described their language attitudes in the form of the language biography. The linguistic and narratological analysis of the data revealed that the bilingual narrative pairs by the same informant are structurally similar, but have small thematic differences, which might arise from the fact that Estonian narratives tend to be more abstract than Võru narratives. The informants that participated in the study had mainly positive attitudes towards Võru. Because of changes in society at the beginning of the 1990s, some informants changed their linguistic identity and in relation with that also their mother tongue – once it was Estonian, but now it is Võru. Also the Võru used by the informants is changing. The older informants used Võru features more consistently than the younger informants. Additionally, those informants who assign a symbolic value to Võru and identify through it, used more marked Võru. The speech of the informants who assign Võru only an instrumental value had less Võru features. The informants who participated in the study often use other foreign languages, e.g. Russian, English, and Finnish. Active multilingualism and experiences connected to it make their linguistic identity and its manifestation unique.
Individual multilingualism, which means an ability to use more than one language on a daily basis, has a close connection to societal multilingualism. In south-Eastern Estonia, there is an interesting situation where in everyday communication both the local Võru language and standard Estonian are used, but every speaker decides the extent, place and time of the use of each language. This situation motivated the author of the present thesis to ask whether speaking these close language variants is multilingualism, what are the connections between individual differences in language use and language attitudes and linguistic identity and how individual multilingualism manifests in oral narratives. Ten middle-aged south-eastern Estonians told a narrative both in Võru and Estonian on the same topic. Additionally, they gave an overview of their language learning history and described their language attitudes in the form of the language biography. The linguistic and narratological analysis of the data revealed that the bilingual narrative pairs by the same informant are structurally similar, but have small thematic differences, which might arise from the fact that Estonian narratives tend to be more abstract than Võru narratives. The informants that participated in the study had mainly positive attitudes towards Võru. Because of changes in society at the beginning of the 1990s, some informants changed their linguistic identity and in relation with that also their mother tongue – once it was Estonian, but now it is Võru. Also the Võru used by the informants is changing. The older informants used Võru features more consistently than the younger informants. Additionally, those informants who assign a symbolic value to Võru and identify through it, used more marked Võru. The speech of the informants who assign Võru only an instrumental value had less Võru features. The informants who participated in the study often use other foreign languages, e.g. Russian, English, and Finnish. Active multilingualism and experiences connected to it make their linguistic identity and its manifestation unique.
Description
Väitekirja elektrooniline versioon ei sisalda publikatsioone
Keywords
eesti keel, Võru murre, kakskeelsus, mitmekeelsus, keelekasutus, narratiiv, narratoloogia, sotsiolingvistika, keeleteadus, Estonian language, Võru dialect, bilingualism, multilingualism, language usage, narrative, narratology, sociolinguistics, linguistics