Verbiühendid eesti murretes
Date
2013-11-15
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Abstract
Doktoriväitekiri käsitleb tegusõna käändelise ja pöördelise vormi ühendeid (nt hakkas astuma, tahtis kuulata), nende tähendusi ja varieerumist eesti murretes. Töö põhineb Tartu Ülikooli eesti ja üldkeeleteaduse instituudis arendataval eesti murrete korpusel ja on esimene kõiki eesti murdeid hõlmav korpuspõhine statistiline lauseehitust puudutav uurimus. Töös on rakendatud tänapäevaseid kvantitatiivseid ja korpuslingvistilisi meetodeid, mida murrete uurimisel on siiani vähe tehtud. Tavapäraselt on murdeuurimine keskendunud rohkem häälikulise, vormimoodustusliku ja sõnavaralise varieerumise uurimisele, mis jaotavad eesti murded põhja- ja lõunaeesti murreteks. Väitekirja tulemusena aga selgub, et lauseehituslikul tasandil on olulisemad erinevused hoopis ida- ja läänemurrete vahel.
Sellel on mitmeid põhjusi, kuid üks olulisemaid on kindlasti see, et lauseehituse tabamine on märkimisväärselt keerulisem kui sõnavaraliste erinevuste hoomamine (näiteks õun ja ubin). Lauseehituslikul tasandil ilmnevad lahknevused pigem sagedusmustrites; näiteks läänepoolsetes murretes öeldakse sagedamini „mul sai töö tehtud“, kuid idamurretes on tavalisem peaaegu samatähenduslik väljend „mul oli töö tehtud“. Lausetasandil erineb varieerumine leksikaalsest seega vähemalt kahel viisil. Esiteks on mõlemad esitatud konstruktsioonid igapäevased ka kirjakeeles, mistõttu selliseid keelejooni pole võimalik kirjeldada vastanduse kaudu, kas mingi keelenähtus vaadeldavas piirkonnas esineb või mitte. Teiseks ei saa lauseehituslikke konstruktsioone pidada iseloomulikuks ainult ühele murdele, erinevused ilmnevad kasutussageduses ning harva on sellised nähtused piiratud kitsa geograafilise piirkonnaga. Seda kinnitavad ka eelnevad uurimused.
Doktoriväitekiri esitab ühelt poolt ülevaate kahe tegusõna erinevate ühendite varieerumisest ja nende grammatilistest funktsioonidest eesti murretes. Teisalt annab uurimus panuse murdesüntaksi uurimisvaldkonda, lisab teadmisi lauseehituse uurimisega seotud probleemidest murretes ja pakub neile ka võimalikke lahendusi.
Töö tulemused osutavad, et lauseehituslikul tasandil on ida- ja läänepoolsete murrete vahelised erinevused tunduvalt suuremad kui tavapäraselt väga erinevateks peetud põhja- ja lõunaeesti murretes. Uurimus näitab, et läänepoolsed murded kasutavad kahe tegusõna ühendeid märgatavalt rohkem, samuti erinevad murrete lõikes nende tegusõnaühendite kasutusfunktsioonid. Töö tulemused võimaldavad tulevikus paremini seletada kirjakeelsete lausekonstruktsioonide päritolu ja arengut, on abiks keelekontaktide ja -ajaloo uurimisel ning illustreerivad, kuidas lauseehitusliku tasandi kaasamine uuringutesse võib meile eesti murrete kohta anda täiesti uudset ja olulist informatsiooni.
This dissertation examines compound verb constructions comprising of finite and non-finite verb forms (e.g. hakkas astuma ‘started to go’, tahtis kuulata ‘wanted to listen’), with an emphasis on their grammatical meanings and variation in the Estonian dialects. The data are obtained from the Estonian Dialect Corpus developed at the Institute of Estonian and General Linguistics at the University of Tartu. The present work is the first study in Estonian dialectology which incorporates both corpus linguistic and statistical methods to investigate syntactic variation. The combination of these methods has not been extensively applied in previous studies. This approach enables us to systematically compare the usage patterns of verb constructions across dialects. The results of this large-scale analysis reveal that on the syntactic level, the Estonian dialects, surprisingly, split along an east-west divide in contrast to the traditional analysis of a northern and southern group. Dialectological research has traditionally concentrated on phonological, morphological and lexical variation. There are several reasons for this, but probably the most important is the fact that syntactic variation is considerably harder to capture. Lexical variation is more salient in usage (e.g. õun vs ubin ‘an apple’) compared to syntactic variation. In syntax, dialectal variation emerges through differences in frequency patterns. For instance, the expression mul sai töö tehtud, lit. ‘I got the job done’, is much more frequent in the western dialects as opposed to the synonymous mul oli töö tehtud, lit. ‘I had the job done’ which is more frequent in the eastern dialects. Importantly, syntactic variation differs from lexical variation in two ways. First, both constructions are fully acceptable in standard Estonian and cannot be reduced to categorical judgments (some phenomenon exists / does not exist in this area). Secondly, syntactic features do not explicitly mark dialects but arise from distributional differences and are rarely constrained to some small geographical area; this is also confirmed in previous studies. The current study contributes an overview of verb constructions, their functions and meanings in Estonian dialects. It also contributes to the young field of dialect syntax by identifying certain critical issues that emerge from the study of syntactic variation and providing some solutions. The results of this study show that on the syntactic level, substantial differences emerge between the eastern and western dialects rather than traditional northern and southern dialect groups. This thesis shows that the compound verbs appear more frequently in the western dialects. Moreover, the functions of these verb compounds vary considerably across geographical areas. In sum, this study provides new information that can be used to explain the development of syntactic constructions in standard Estonian. The results can also be applied in the field of language contacts and diachronic research. Finally, they illustrate how including syntactic information as part of the dialect research programme provides completely new and unexpected information about dialects and language variation.
This dissertation examines compound verb constructions comprising of finite and non-finite verb forms (e.g. hakkas astuma ‘started to go’, tahtis kuulata ‘wanted to listen’), with an emphasis on their grammatical meanings and variation in the Estonian dialects. The data are obtained from the Estonian Dialect Corpus developed at the Institute of Estonian and General Linguistics at the University of Tartu. The present work is the first study in Estonian dialectology which incorporates both corpus linguistic and statistical methods to investigate syntactic variation. The combination of these methods has not been extensively applied in previous studies. This approach enables us to systematically compare the usage patterns of verb constructions across dialects. The results of this large-scale analysis reveal that on the syntactic level, the Estonian dialects, surprisingly, split along an east-west divide in contrast to the traditional analysis of a northern and southern group. Dialectological research has traditionally concentrated on phonological, morphological and lexical variation. There are several reasons for this, but probably the most important is the fact that syntactic variation is considerably harder to capture. Lexical variation is more salient in usage (e.g. õun vs ubin ‘an apple’) compared to syntactic variation. In syntax, dialectal variation emerges through differences in frequency patterns. For instance, the expression mul sai töö tehtud, lit. ‘I got the job done’, is much more frequent in the western dialects as opposed to the synonymous mul oli töö tehtud, lit. ‘I had the job done’ which is more frequent in the eastern dialects. Importantly, syntactic variation differs from lexical variation in two ways. First, both constructions are fully acceptable in standard Estonian and cannot be reduced to categorical judgments (some phenomenon exists / does not exist in this area). Secondly, syntactic features do not explicitly mark dialects but arise from distributional differences and are rarely constrained to some small geographical area; this is also confirmed in previous studies. The current study contributes an overview of verb constructions, their functions and meanings in Estonian dialects. It also contributes to the young field of dialect syntax by identifying certain critical issues that emerge from the study of syntactic variation and providing some solutions. The results of this study show that on the syntactic level, substantial differences emerge between the eastern and western dialects rather than traditional northern and southern dialect groups. This thesis shows that the compound verbs appear more frequently in the western dialects. Moreover, the functions of these verb compounds vary considerably across geographical areas. In sum, this study provides new information that can be used to explain the development of syntactic constructions in standard Estonian. The results can also be applied in the field of language contacts and diachronic research. Finally, they illustrate how including syntactic information as part of the dialect research programme provides completely new and unexpected information about dialects and language variation.